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        data-chapter-title="常见关系模板代码"
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                            <b>1.</b>
                        
                        视图及路由
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                        Flask简介
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                            <b>1.3.</b>
                        
                        HelloWorld
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                            <b>1.4.</b>
                        
                        相关配置参数
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                            <b>1.5.</b>
                        
                        路由基本定义
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                            <b>1.6.</b>
                        
                        视图常用逻辑
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                            <b>1.7.</b>
                        
                        正则匹配路由
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                            <b>1.8.</b>
                        
                        异常捕获
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                            <b>1.9.</b>
                        
                        请求勾子
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                            <b>1.10.</b>
                        
                        装饰器路由具体实现
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                            <b>1.11.</b>
                        
                        获取请求参数
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                            <b>1.12.</b>
                        
                        状态保持
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                            <b>1.12.1.</b>
                        
                        Cookie
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                            <b>1.12.2.</b>
                        
                        Session
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                            <b>1.13.</b>
                        
                        上下文
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                            <b>1.14.</b>
                        
                        Flask-Script
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                            <b>2.</b>
                        
                        模板
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                            <b>2.1.</b>
                        
                        Jinja2简介
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                            <b>2.2.</b>
                        
                        模板的使用
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                            <b>2.3.</b>
                        
                        过滤器
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                            <b>2.4.</b>
                        
                        自定义过滤器
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                            <b>2.5.</b>
                        
                        控制代码块
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                            <b>2.6.</b>
                        
                        模板代码复用
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                            <b>2.6.1.</b>
                        
                        宏
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                            <b>2.6.2.</b>
                        
                        继承
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                            <b>2.6.3.</b>
                        
                        包含
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                            <b>2.7.</b>
                        
                        特有变量和函数
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                            <b>2.8.</b>
                        
                        Flask-WTF表单
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                            <b>2.9.</b>
                        
                        CSRF
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                            <b>3.</b>
                        
                        数据库
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                            <b>3.1.</b>
                        
                        ORM
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                            <b>3.2.</b>
                        
                        Flask-SQLAlchemy安装及配置
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                            <b>3.3.</b>
                        
                        数据库的基本操作
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                            <b>3.4.</b>
                        
                        综合案例-图书管理
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                            <b>3.4.1.</b>
                        
                        定义模型
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                            <b>3.4.2.</b>
                        
                        数据库表创建&amp;测试数据添加
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                            <b>3.4.3.</b>
                        
                        数据显示&amp;表单添加
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                            <b>3.4.4.</b>
                        
                        表单验证
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                            <b>3.4.5.</b>
                        
                        删除数据
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                            <b>3.5.</b>
                        
                        多对多演练
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="3.6" data-path="shu-ju-ku/shu-ju-ku-qian-yi.html">
            
                
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                            <b>3.6.</b>
                        
                        数据库迁移
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="3.7" data-path="shu-ju-ku/qi-ta.html">
            
                
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                            <b>3.7.</b>
                        
                        信号机制
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                            <b>3.8.</b>
                        
                        常见关系模板代码
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                            <b>4.</b>
                        
                        蓝图&amp;单元测试
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                            <b>4.1.</b>
                        
                        蓝图
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                            <b>4.2.</b>
                        
                        单元测试
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<ul>
<li>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x573A;&#x666F;&#xFF1A;<ul>
<li>&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x53D1;&#x5E03;&#x7684;&#x5E16;&#x5B50;(&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8868;&#x4E0E;&#x5E16;&#x5B50;&#x8868;)</li>
<li>&#x89D2;&#x8272;&#x4E0E;&#x6240;&#x5C5E;&#x4E8E;&#x8BE5;&#x89D2;&#x8272;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6237;(&#x89D2;&#x8272;&#x8868;&#x4E0E;&#x591A;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8868;)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="lang-python"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Role</span><span class="hljs-params">(db.Model)</span>:</span>
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;&quot;&#x89D2;&#x8272;&#x8868;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    __tablename__ = <span class="hljs-string">&apos;roles&apos;</span>

    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
    name = db.Column(db.String(<span class="hljs-number">64</span>), unique=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
    users = db.relationship(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;User&apos;</span>, backref=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;role&apos;</span>, lazy=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;dynamic&apos;</span>)

<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">User</span><span class="hljs-params">(db.Model)</span>:</span>
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;&quot;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8868;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    __tablename__ = <span class="hljs-string">&apos;users&apos;</span>
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
    name = db.Column(db.String(<span class="hljs-number">64</span>), unique=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, index=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="&#x591A;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;">&#x591A;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;</h2>
<ul>
<li>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x573A;&#x666F;<ul>
<li>&#x8BB2;&#x5E08;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x4E0A;&#x8BFE;&#x7684;&#x73ED;&#x7EA7;(&#x8BB2;&#x5E08;&#x8868;&#x4E0E;&#x73ED;&#x7EA7;&#x8868;)</li>
<li>&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x6536;&#x85CF;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x95FB;(&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8868;&#x4E0E;&#x65B0;&#x95FB;&#x8868;)</li>
<li>&#x5B66;&#x751F;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x9009;&#x4FEE;&#x7684;&#x8BFE;&#x7A0B;(&#x5B66;&#x751F;&#x8868;&#x4E0E;&#x9009;&#x4FEE;&#x8BFE;&#x7A0B;&#x8868;)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="lang-python">tb_student_course = db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;tb_student_course&apos;</span>,
                             db.Column(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;student_id&apos;</span>, db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;students.id&apos;</span>)),
                             db.Column(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;course_id&apos;</span>, db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;courses.id&apos;</span>))
                             )

<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span><span class="hljs-params">(db.Model)</span>:</span>
    __tablename__ = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;students&quot;</span>
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
    name = db.Column(db.String(<span class="hljs-number">64</span>), unique=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)

    courses = db.relationship(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;Course&apos;</span>, secondary=tb_student_course,
                              backref=db.backref(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;students&apos;</span>, lazy=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;dynamic&apos;</span>),
                              lazy=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;dynamic&apos;</span>)

<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Course</span><span class="hljs-params">(db.Model)</span>:</span>
    __tablename__ = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;courses&quot;</span>
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
    name = db.Column(db.String(<span class="hljs-number">64</span>), unique=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="&#x81EA;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x4E00;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;">&#x81EA;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x4E00;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;</h2>
<ul>
<li>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x573A;&#x666F;<ul>
<li>&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;&#x4E0E;&#x8BE5;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;(&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;&#x8868;)</li>
<li>&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#x7F51;&#x6613;&#x65B0;&#x95FB;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="lang-python"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Comment</span><span class="hljs-params">(db.Model)</span>:</span>
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;&quot;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    __tablename__ = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;comments&quot;</span>

    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
    <span class="hljs-comment"># &#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;</span>
    content = db.Column(db.Text, nullable=<span class="hljs-keyword">False</span>)
    <span class="hljs-comment"># &#x7236;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;id</span>
    parent_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;comments.id&quot;</span>))
    <span class="hljs-comment"># &#x7236;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;(&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;&#x6A21;&#x578B;)</span>
    parent = db.relationship(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Comment&quot;</span>, remote_side=[id],
                             backref=db.backref(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;childs&apos;</span>, lazy=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;dynamic&apos;</span>))

<span class="hljs-comment"># &#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="hljs-string">&apos;__main__&apos;</span>:
    db.drop_all()
    db.create_all()

    com1 = Comment(content=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;&#x6211;&#x662F;&#x4E3B;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;1&apos;</span>)
    com2 = Comment(content=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;&#x6211;&#x662F;&#x4E3B;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;2&apos;</span>)
    com11 = Comment(content=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;&#x6211;&#x662F;&#x56DE;&#x590D;&#x4E3B;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;1&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;1&apos;</span>)
    com11.parent = com1
    com12 = Comment(content=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;&#x6211;&#x662F;&#x56DE;&#x590D;&#x4E3B;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;1&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x8BC4;&#x8BBA;2&apos;</span>)
    com12.parent = com1

    db.session.add_all([com1, com2, com11, com12])
    db.session.commit()
    app.run(debug=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="&#x81EA;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x591A;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;">&#x81EA;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x591A;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x573A;&#x666F;</p>
<ul>
<li>&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7528;&#x6237;(&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8868;&#xFF0C;&#x4E2D;&#x95F4;&#x8868;)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="lang-python">
tb_user_follows = db.Table(
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;tb_user_follows&quot;</span>,
    db.Column(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;follower_id&apos;</span>, db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;info_user.id&apos;</span>), primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>),  <span class="hljs-comment"># &#x7C89;&#x4E1D;id</span>
    db.Column(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;followed_id&apos;</span>, db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;info_user.id&apos;</span>), primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)  <span class="hljs-comment"># &#x88AB;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;id</span>
)

<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">User</span><span class="hljs-params">(db.Model)</span>:</span>
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;&quot;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8868;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    __tablename__ = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;info_user&quot;</span>

    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>)  
    name = db.Column(db.String(<span class="hljs-number">32</span>), unique=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, nullable=<span class="hljs-keyword">False</span>)

    <span class="hljs-comment"># &#x7528;&#x6237;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x7C89;&#x4E1D;&#xFF0C;&#x6DFB;&#x52A0;&#x4E86;&#x53CD;&#x5411;&#x5F15;&#x7528;followed&#xFF0C;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x90FD;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x4E86;&#x54EA;&#x4E9B;&#x4EBA;</span>
    followers = db.relationship(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;User&apos;</span>,
                                secondary=tb_user_follows,
                                primaryjoin=id == tb_user_follows.c.followed_id,
                                secondaryjoin=id == tb_user_follows.c.follower_id,
                                backref=db.backref(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;followed&apos;</span>, lazy=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;dynamic&apos;</span>),
                                lazy=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;dynamic&apos;</span>)
</code></pre>

                    
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